Crown-rump length chart in mm

Download scientific diagram | Crown-rump length (CRL) according to gestational age. from publication: New Sri Lankan Crown Rump Length Chart | | ResearchGate, the …

The length of the fetus from the crown (top of the head) to the bottom of the buttocks (the area above where legs begin) is called as Crown Rump Length (CRL). It is measured from 6 - 13 weeks of pregnancy. In this online CRL calculator, you can find the crown rump length for the number of weeks. Background Fetal crown-rump length (CRL) ... Pregnancy dating by fetal crown-rump length: a systematic review of charts. R Napolitano, ... Fetal crown-rump length (mm) Gestational age (weeks + days) McLennan and Schluter 23 Robinson and Fleming 9 a Sahota et al. 29 a Verburg et al. 34; 5:The average CRL measurement during a normal pregnancy varies depending on the gestational age. In general, the CRL measurement can range from 2 to 4 mm in the earliest stages of pregnancy, around 5 to 12 weeks. By around 13 to 14 weeks of gestation, the average CRL measurement is around 70 to 84 mm.20+ crown rump length calculatorFetal crown-rump length in relation to age in weeks a crown-rump length Crown-rump length chart in cmCrown rump length chart and measurement. Check Details Crown-rump length, development al stage and age in days of investigatedCrown molding is a surprisingly easy way to completely transform your home. We'll walk you through the basics of installing crown molding yourself. Expert Advice On Improving Your ...14.4.148 The following are data on age (in weeks) and crown-rump length (in millimeters) for fetuses. A scatterplot of the data is given to the right. 300↑y op Age (x) | 10 12 12 14 18 18 20 23 26 27 Length (y) 64 67 110 104 162 166 177 228 231 279 100 cb " 10 23 a. Obtain the linear correlation coefficient. b.Home > Calculators > Crown Rump Length and Nuchal Translucency. Enter the CRL and press calculate to obtain the estimated gestational age and expected nuchal translucency thickness. The calculator will also give the percentile for a measured NT if entered for CRL 40 to 85 mm. Enter crown rump length (CRL) mm. Enter Nuchal translucency ( NT) mm.In this study, we used a human f etus with a crown-rump length of 30 mm. The fetus. obtained by induced abortion, after which the mother was o rally in formed (no paper signature be fore.

Therefore, dating pregnancies by early ultrasound examination at 8–14 weeks, based on measurement of the fetal crown–rump length (CRL), appears to be the most reliable method to establish gestational age. Once the CRL exceeds 84 mm, HC should be used for pregnancy dating2–4.Findings diagnostic of pregnancy failure. crown-rump length (CRL) of ≥7 mm and no heartbeat on a transvaginal scan 3. mean sac diameter (MSD) of ≥25 mm and no embryo on a transvaginal scan 3. absence of embryo with heartbeat ≥2 weeks after a scan that showed a gestational sac without a yolk sac. absence of embryo with heartbeat ≥11 days ...A small gestational sac in early first trimester is considered a poor prognostic factor. Some authors use the mean sac diameter to crown rump length difference of 5 mm or greater to be normal 1.. The smaller than expected sac diameter in pregnancies 36-42 days from the last menstrual period has been reported as a predictor of spontaneous miscarriage 2.. The difference between the two values ...Minimum SD 2.32 mm observed at 8 weeks of POG and maximum SD 6.62 mm observed at 12 weeks of POG (Figure 3). Comparison with Intergrowth-21st chart and our new CRL chart showed a maximum ...CRL is given in millimeters (mm). A second option is to use a special CRL measurement chart; it's definitely easier than calculations but still more troublesome than using our crown-rump length calculator. 🙊. The crown-rump length chart: CRL (in mm) Gestational age (weeks + days) 5. 6 + 0.Abstract Objectives To develop a sonographic dating formula based on fetal crown-rump length ... from CRL (in mm) was GA = 26.643 + 7.822 × CRL 1/2 (R 2 = 0.96). The mean difference between menstrual age and the predicted gestational age was 0.22 days (95% CI, − 0.14 to 0.56), which was lower than that of the three established CRL dating ...The same guideline suggests an embryo with a crown-rump length (CRL) ≥ 6 mm and no fetal heartbeat may also be classified as a miscarriage. This guidance is classed as Grade IV, which is defined by the RCOG as being 'obtained from expert committee reports or opinions and/or clinical experience of respected authorities' and so is not ...

Figure 1 Measurements that can be obtained on fetal ultrasound examination at 11 +0 to 14+0weeks. (a) Fetal crown-rump length (CRL) measurement for assessment of gestational age. Caliper placement for CRL measurement should correspond to the longest straight line from top of fetal head to rump.In such cases, GA can be estimated by ultrasound measurement of fetal crown–rump length (CRL) or head circumference at < 14 weeks' and ≥ 14 weeks' gestation, respectively 8. Between 9 and 13 weeks' gestation, linear growth evaluated by CRL is rapid and the SD is rather small, which means that GA can be estimated accurately.CROWN-RUMP LENGTH (mm) Fig. 1. Relationship between fetal crown-rump length and gestational age. Quadratic regression equation is as follows: Gestational age = 40.447 + 1.125(crown-rump length)-0.0058 (crown-rump length)2. 95% Prediction interval is also shown. validity of this assumption has previously been tested byThe images on this menu will take you to a series of sub-menus containing more small-sized images such as these. From the sub-menus, you will be able to choose which full-size images you would like to view. For example, clicking on the picture labeled 2 will take you to a sub-menu page containing links to full-size images of serial sections ...

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International standards for early fetal size and pregnancy dating based on ultrasound measurement of crown-rump length in the first trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 44 , 641–8 ...For dating charts the known variable [crown-rump length (CR L) or he ad cir cum feren ce ... Crown-rump length (CRL) 6 to 13 weeks. Head circumference ... Femur length (mm) GA ...CROWN-RUMP LENGTH (mm) Fig. 1. Relationship between fetal crown-rump length and gestational age. Quadratic regression equation is as follows: Gestational age = 40.447 + 1.125(crown-rump length)-0.0058 (crown-rump length)2. 95% Prediction interval is also shown. validity of this assumption has previously been tested bycrown-rump length. must be 45 to 84 mm. gestation age 11 weeks 3 days to 13 weeks 6 days. nuchal translucency. fetal heart rate. Additional markers increase the detection rate and reduce false-positive rates: nasal bone. ductus venosus flow. tricuspid flow.

CRL ≈ 70.57 mm. So, in this example, the estimated Crown Rump Length (CRL) is approximately 70.57 mm. FAQs. What is Crown Rump Length (CRL)? Crown Rump Length is the measurement of the length of a human fetus from the top of its head (crown) to its bottom (rump). It is a crucial indicator of fetal growth and development during pregnancy.At 8 weeks gestation, a normal range for CRL in pregnancy is typically between 16-24 mm. It is important to note that the range may vary depending on the accuracy of the measurement and the individual characteristics of the fetus and mother. Also Read: Giving Birth To a Baby With Down’s Syndrome.THE EFFICACY OF CROWN RUMP LENGTH MEASUREMENT BY ULTRASOUND IN ESTIMATING THE GESTATIONAL AGE ... The best-fit equation for the estimate of GA iY from CRL (in mm) was: from CRL (in mm) was: iY = 6 ...After a briefing by CIA director Gina Haspel, Republicans say MBS is guilty of Jamal Khashoggi's murder. Republican senators briefed by Central Intelligence Agency director Gina Ha...Home > Calculators > Crown Rump Length and Nuchal Translucency. Enter the CRL and press calculate to obtain the estimated gestational age and expected nuchal translucency thickness. The calculator will also give the percentile for a measured NT if entered for CRL 40 to 85 mm. Enter crown rump length (CRL) mm. Enter Nuchal translucency ( NT) mm.Crown-rump length (mm) ... This study reports first trimester dating and growth charts for crown-rump length between 5 and 14 weeks of gestation and biparietal diameter between 9 and 14 weeks of ...Background This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the first-trimester crown-rump length (CRL) and nuchal translucency (NT) discordance in monochorionic diamniotic twins (MCDA) for the prediction of complications—twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) or intrauterine fetal demise …For the analysis of estimation of gestational age as a function of SFH only, the problem of data truncation at the lower and upper gestational ages was overcome by use of the same approach applied to crown rump length data in the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study.40 By use of the equation for SFH size according to gestational age (size chart), 40 ...

Background Fetal crown–rump length (CRL) ... Pregnancy dating by fetal crown–rump length: a systematic review of charts. R Napolitano, ... Fetal crown-rump length (mm) Gestational age (weeks + days) McLennan and Schluter 23 Robinson and Fleming 9 a Sahota et al. 29 a Verburg et al. 34; 5:

To investigate the association of crown-rump length (CRL) during the first trimester of pregnancy with neonatal outcomes. A total of 15,524 women with a reliable first day of the last menstrual period and a regular menstrual cycle (28 ± 4 days) were included from January 2015 to November 2016. CRL was measured by ultrasound from 7+0 to …crown-rump analysis. Crown-rump Length (cm) Fetal Age (days) If the submit button does not work, just click anywhere on the page to activate the calculation. Reset button should still work. Results valid for days 28 - 260 of gestation.Therefore, samples with crown-rump embryo length lesser than 30 mm, in tail bud or limb bud stages and lacking noticeable digital grooves (Evans & Sack, 1973; Pieri et al., 2015) were chosen. Four ...It is used as a primary measure of gestational age between 6-13 weeks. After 13 weeks, head circumference, biparietal diameter, and femur length measurements become more useful measurements for assessing fetal growth. Practical points. The earlier in pregnancy a scan is performed, the more accurate the age assignment from crown rump length 4 ...Crown–rump length measurement error: impact on assessment of growth. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021; 58: 354–359. 3. Napolitano R, Dhami J, Ohuma EO, Ioannou C, …The Normal CRL Chart in mm. The CRL or Crown-Rump-Length will vary according to the gestational age of the fetus.The rate of fetal death was 80.0% when the gestational sac diameter-crown-rump length difference was less than 5 mm, 26.5% when the difference was 5-7.9 mm (P less than .002 compared with less than 5 mm), and 10.6% when the difference was 8 mm or more (P less than .0001 compared with less than 5 mm).Fetal growth is evaluated by crown rump length in early gestation and biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference or femoral diaphysis length in late gestation ... The linear transducer imaged to a depth of 15 cm and width of 60 mm, while the convex transducer imaged to a depth of 30 cm, a radius of 40 mm, and an angle of ...

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The Normal CRL Chart in mm. The CRL or Crown-Rump-Length will vary according to the gestational age of the fetus. There is a generalized gestational age chart made by Robinson in the year 1975 that doctors still usually follow as a reference. Here is the CRL measurement chart for your help; Significant discordance in crown-rump length (CRL) is associated with higher risk of adverse perinatal outcomes such as fetal loss, weight discordance, fetal anomalies and preterm delivery 7-18. It has been hypothesized that impaired fetal growth in early pregnancy and the presence of underlying fetal chromosomal or structural anomalies may ...Below are simple calculators for the cow and sow: Bovine Crown-Rump Length. or. Fetal Age Calculator. Crown-rump Length (cm) Fetal Age (days) If the submit button does not work, just click anywhere on the page to activate the calculation. Reset button should still work. Results valid for days 28 - 260 of gestation.In trisomy 21, however, crown-rump length (CRL) measurements are similar to those in chromosomally normal fetuses of the same gestational age (GA) 1, 3. ... (> 3.5 mm) during routine ultrasound examination. Ultrasound scans were performed using a Voluson 730 Expert ultrasound machine (GE Medical Systems, Zipf, Austria).This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the first-trimester crown-rump length (CRL) and nuchal translucency (NT) discordance in monochorionic diamniotic twins (MCDA) for the prediction of complications—twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) or intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD).Because of recent challenges in the literature regarding the validity of the older crown-rump length (CRL) data developed with conventional static-image ultrasound scanners, the authors evaluated the relationship between CRL and menstrual age of fetuses in a population of 416 patients with good menstrual dates. By using a variety of commercially available transabdominal and transvaginal real ...By 30 weeks, a fetus is gaining about 175 grams each week (more than 6 ounces). At 35 weeks, a fetus is gaining about 215 grams each week, or about 7.5 ounces. At this point their growth rate peaks. After 35 weeks, growth slows to about 188 grams per week, or 6.6 ounces. (Twins slow earlier, at around 28 weeks, and then average about 170 grams ...It is used as a primary measure of gestational age between 6-13 weeks. After 13 weeks, head circumference, biparietal diameter, and femur length measurements become more useful measurements for assessing fetal growth. Practical points. The earlier in pregnancy a scan is performed, the more accurate the age assignment from crown …International standards for early fetal size and pregnancy dating based on ultrasound measurement of crown-rump length in the first trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 44 , 641-8 ...source: canva.com Farmhouse design is all the rage right now, and for a good reason! It lends a cozy, rustic feeling to any room. And one of the simplest Expert Advice On Improving...It is therefore a good time in pregnancy to determine gestational age by ultrasound where the crown-rump length (CRL) is measured and compared to published reference charts. In contrast, dates calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period (menstrual age) may have inaccuracies arising from imprecise recollection of dates, variation ...Fetal crown-rump length. mm. Fetal nuchal translucency. mm . Nuchal transucency (mm) median 5 th and 95 th centiles 99 th centile . Wright D, Kagan KO, Molina FS, Gazzoni A, Nicolaides KH. A mixture model of nuchal translucency thickness in screening for chromosomal defects. ….

Once the fetus's crown-rump length surpasses 7 millimeters, a heartbeat should be detected by ultrasound. If no heartbeat or cardiac activity is found, then the pregnancy is likely a missed ...crown-rump analysis. Crown-rump Length (cm) Fetal Age (days) If the submit button does not work, just click anywhere on the page to activate the calculation. Reset button should still work. Results valid for days 28 - 260 of gestation.At this point, the MSD is approximately 10 mm. The crown-rump length (CRL) is the measurement between the cranial and caudal ends of the embryo and is the most accurate measure of the gestational age in the first trimester. The CRL gradually increases, measuring 10 mm at 7.0 weeks.The following table is based upon Australian data from ultrasound measurements of Crown Rump Length (CRL). Note that Gestational Age GA differs from fertilisation age by about 2 ... Crown-Rump Length (mm) 37 5.2 1 38 5.3 2 39 5.4 3 40 55 3 41 5.6 4 42 Week 4: 6 4 43 6.1 5 44 6.2 6 45 6.3 7 46 6.4 8 47 6.5 9 48 6.6 10 49 Week 5: 7 11 50 ...Other than counting from the first day of the last menstrual period, the principal methods used to date a pregnancy are ultrasound measurement of the fetal crown rump length (CRL) in the first trimester3,4or the. - biparietal diameter,6head circumference,4femur length4or transcerebellar diameter5 in the second trimester.Femur length (13–25 completed weeks) The recommended values are those of Altman and Chitty2 as shown in Appendix 3. Table 1. Measurements for estimation of gestational age (dating). Measurement Gestational age range Crown-rump length (CRL) 6 to 13 weeks Head circumference (HC) {13 to 25 completed weeks Femur length* (FL) {13 to 25 completed weeksThe gestational age ( GA) of an embryo/fetus is most accurately determined by measuring the crown rump length (CRL) in the first trimester. The later the pregnancy, the larger the standard deviation of the estimated gestational age and thus estimated date of delivery (EDD) is less accurate. Mean sac diameter (MSD) before a fetal pole is ...Calculator. Gestational age (GA) CRL Crown-rump length, mm. Multiple Pregnancy. Crown-rump length chart in mm, Full title: Crown-rump length (CRL) versus gestational age for creating a size chart (Panel A) and gestational age versus crown-rump length data for creating a dating chart (Panel B) using a sample of the INTERGROWTH-21 st project data (~35% of the overall target sample) for CRL from 9 +0 to 13 +6 weeks gestational age., Possible Pregnancy Loss . Small gestational sac, along with some other early ultrasound findings (such as enlarged yolk sac, or small gestational sac in relation to the size of embryo measured by crown-rump length), may not be enough to definitively diagnose a miscarriage or other pregnancy loss (such as a blighted ovum)., 3. Small crown-rump length. Between six and eight weeks of gestation, the crown-rump length is the measurement of the entire length of the embryo. Smaller than expected fetuses at this gestational age may mean there is a concern for miscarriage. However, in some cases, it means your pregnancy is just not as far along as we thought., If your mean sac diameter (MSD) is less than 5 mm greater than the CRL measurement, a first-trimester miscarriage may be impending. This can occur in spite of detecting a normal heartbeat in your baby. ... Crown Rump Length Chart. The CRL diagram was first presented by Robinson in 1975 and is, still, the primary reference for pregnancy dating ..., All obstetric ultrasound units are recommended to adopt this method of assessing gestational age from crown rump length, and it will now be necessary for sonographers to check which formula is programmed into their ultrasound machines and/or reporting packages. ... Fetal size and dating : charts recommended for clinical obstetric practice …, Crown Rump Length Chart In Mm 17 Mar 2023. Rump gestational relation intergrowth estimation Rump ultrasound fetus fetal crl ecografia feto semanas measurement settimane sonogram ultraschall ultrasonido gestational ultrasuono gravidanza babymed esplorazione exploración materno Crown-rump length, development al stage and age in days of ..., My data show no differences in first trimester growth patterns between singleton and multiple pregnancies, a finding supported by others (Evans 1991; MacGregor et al. 1987). Dear Sir, Ireadwithinterest thepaperbyschatsetal. [BrJ Obstet Gynaecol(l991) 98,460-462]. I note that of the 59 embryos studied, 33 were from multiple pregnancies. Original reference curves for crown rump length (CRL ..., Introduction: In the past, heart activity was only visualized by ultrasound in embryos with a crown-rump length (CRL) of 5 mm or more. When CRL was shorter than 5 mm, non-visualization of heart activity was considered normal. However, improvement in ultrasound equipment resolution has made it possible to diagnose viability in embryos with CRL as small as 2 mm., Nov 2, 2014 ... Crown–rump length (mm). 12. 13. 14. Figure 2 Fetal crown–rump length (CRL) as a function of gestational age (GA). Gray open circles represent ..., The currently recommended Robinson and Fleming crown rump length reference chart was develop in 1975. Advances in ultrasound technology and standardized crown rump length measurement training ..., Smaller fetuses are frequently chosen to undergo reduction; therefore, it is important to know if the mean crown–rump length (CRL) of one gender differs from that of the other. Previous studies have reached contradictory conclusions. ... Ginsberg et al. 3 examined 77 pairs of twins and found males to be on average 2.2 mm larger; ..., At 5+6 my baby measured 2.3mm so I would say at plus 4mm baby is measuring over 6 weeks. These measurements aren't totally accurate early on anyway, so it all seems fine xx. This says anything from 5mm to 12mm is normal for 7 weeks so there is a massive discrepancy in growth., The objective of this study was to assess whether sex-specific differences in fetal and infant growth exist. This study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective birth cohort. In total, 8556 live singleton births were included. Fetal growth was assessed by ultrasound. During the first trimester, crown-rump-length (CRL) was measured., Crown-rump length. Gestational age = 6 weeks plus (CRL x days). This relies on the growth of the normal fetus of 1 mm per day after the 6th week of gestation. For example, a CRL of 16 mm would correspond to a gestational age of 8 weeks and two days (6 weeks plus 16 days = 8 weeks and 2 days)., On the diagram below a straight line indicates the measurement of crown-rump length. This type of measurement can be made in any animal but the conversion of ..., CRL Crown-rump length, mm. NT Nuchal translucency, mm. Multiple Pregnancy * Mean diameter = ( length + height + width ) / 3 # CL ... # YSD. Yolk sac # CRL. Crown-rump length # NT. Nuchal translucency # NT/CRL. Calculator. Fetal heartbeat Gestational age (GA) FHR Fetal heart rate, beats/min. Multiple Pregnancy # FHR. Fetal heart rate. Calculator ..., Crown Rump Length. CRL 13 mm, diameter of yolk sac 9 mm, diameter of amniotic cavity 12 mm, heart rate 130 bpm. From: Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2009. Related terms: ... Determination of crown-rump length and observations of developmental characteristics are useful for investigations of abortion and neonatal death. The external ..., Crown Rump Length (CRL) r. Rida57. Posted 23-01-14. I had my early scan last week and it shows fetal Age as 6 week 4 days and CRL length 9.3 mm with cardiac activity present. Kindly share yours at this stage of scan to have a fair idea of standard length. Original poster's comments (2), The average small intestinal length was divided by the average crown-rump length to get 3.4cm as the proportion. The crown-rump length value obtained was multiplied by 3.4 cm (mean of index of ..., Initial scan criteria: Presenting with an embryo with crown-rump length ≥3 mm, and gestational age ≥70 days. 102/102 (100, 96.4 to 100) 87/87 (100, 95.8 to 100) Presenting with no visible embryo: mean gestational sac diameter ≥18 mm and gestational age ≥70 days (10 weeks) from date of known last menstrual period., Applicable for CRL values between 30 and 84 mm, corresponding to gestational age between 9 +5 to 14 +1 weeks. Fetal crown-rump length ... Fleming JE. A critical evaluation of sonar crown rump length measurements. BJOG 1975; 182: 702–710 . The gestational age from the measurement of HC is derived from the formula reported by: Snijders RJ ..., crown rump length (CRL) up to 13 weeks 0 days and by head circumference (HC) after this gestation. ... performed when the CRL is between 45.0 and 84.0 mm. Uncertainty exists as to how best to combine the BMUS dating ... Chudleigh T. Fetal size and dating: charts recommended for clinical obstetric practice. Ultrasound 2009;17:161-7 2 Robinson ..., Cross-sectional data were obtained from 1204 singleton pregnancies between the crown-rump length (CRL) of 40-84 mm. Linear regression models were constructed; the mean, median and standard deviation were derived as a function of CRL. ... Centile chart of crown rump length in mm in relation to the last menstrual period in weeks and days. Crown ..., CRL is given in millimeters (mm). A second option is to use a special CRL measurement chart; it's definitely easier than calculations but still more troublesome …, Table S1: Fetal crown-rump length chart based on gestational age according to last menstrual period. uog0044-0641-SD2.docx (19K) GUID: C00443DD-5742-4D81-BD9E-8D894DEDFC73. ... The difference in both studies in GA estimation was ± 1 day of gestation, except for CRL > 80 mm, in which ..., Ultrasound examination in the first trimester is a useful method for an accurate estimation of fetal growth via measuring crown-rump length (CRL). 1 - 7. A difference of 15-40% in birth weight of twins can predict perinatal complications. 8 About 15 % of twins have a birth weight discordance of more than 20% which increases perinatal ..., Objective(s): We intend to verify if fetal volume and crown-rump length were different between singletons and twins in pregnancies aged from 7 to 10 weeks and to evaluate if fetal volume is more accurate to determine the gestational age than crown-rump length at this gestational age. Study design: From 52 days (7 weeks and 3 days) to 73 days (10 weeks and 3 days) weekly three-dimensional ..., Crown–rump length. Crown–rump length (CRL) should be measured as part of the routine first-trimester scan, either transabdominally or transvaginally (Figure 1a). This measurement should be performed, following standard criteria, with the fetus oriented horizontally on the screen so that the measurement line between crown and rump is at ..., After a briefing by CIA director Gina Haspel, Republicans say MBS is guilty of Jamal Khashoggi's murder. Republican senators briefed by Central Intelligence Agency director Gina Ha..., Comparison between new Sri Lankan CRL chart with Intergrowth-21 st chart. CRL = Crown Rump Length, POG = Period of Gestation, SD = Standard Deviation, SL = Sri Lanka., An important issue to consider in this context is the accuracy of CRL measurements. Until it reaches a length of 4 mm, the embryo is straight and a measurement of the CRL is a true measurement of the greatest length 2. Between 4 and 18–22 mm, the greatest length of the embryo is the neck–rump length, owing to curvature of the embryo., Background Fetal crown–rump length (CRL) ... Pregnancy dating by fetal crown–rump length: a systematic review of charts. R Napolitano, ... Fetal crown-rump length (mm) Gestational age (weeks + days) McLennan and Schluter 23 Robinson and Fleming 9 a Sahota et al. 29 a Verburg et al. 34; 5:, To elicit the diagnostic value of smaller than expected crown-rump length (CRL) to predict the occurrence of subsequent miscarriage in women with a viable first trimester pregnancy. Methods. A cohort study was conducted in the fetal special care unit of a tertiary care maternity hospital. The recruited participants were young pregnant women ...