Lewis structure hclo3

Question: Draw the Lewis structure for HClO3. If the valence shells are filled to the usual limit (maximum of 8), what is the sum of the absolute values of all the formal charges in the molecule? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4

Lewis structure hclo3. Learn how to draw the lewis structure of HClO3 in 6 steps with images and explanations. Find the valence electrons, central atom, electron pairs, outer atoms, stability and formal charge of the molecule. See the detailed steps and formulas for each step.

So, the structure in which one O atom is bonded to the H atom and Cl has a lone pair (the Lewis structure pictured) is the structure in which all the atoms have a formal charge of zero. It is the Lewis structure with the lowest energy, and is thus the more stable and more favorable structure! Top. stelang.

This problem has been solved! You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Question: Draw Lewis Sructures for the following molecules. Be sure to minimize formal charges. (a) ICI (b) PH3 (c) N2H4 (d) HCIO3. show working. Draw Lewis Sructures for the following molecules. Be sure to minimize ...The Lewis structure of HBrO3, also known as hypobromous acid, is a representation of its molecular structure. It shows the arrangement of atoms and the bonding between them. In the case of HBrO3, there is one hydrogen atom (H), one bromine atom (Br), and three oxygen atoms (O). The Lewis structure helps us understand the distribution of ...Lewis structure for HOCl. The properly way to determine the Lewis structure, based on this example, is: Total valence electrons: 7 + 6 + 1 = 14 7 + 6 + 1 = 14. Total electrons needed for octets/doublets: 8 …A. Definition and concept. The ClO3- Lewis structure refers to the diagrammatic representation of the chlorate ion’s molecular structure. It shows the arrangement of atoms, electrons, and their bonds in a simple and clear way. The Lewis structure helps to determine the ion’s polarity, shape, and reactivity.We drew the lewis structure for HClO3 in lecture today and I was wondering why the H needed to bond with one of the oxygen's as opposed to the Cl to complete its octet? Top. 405961647 Posts: 50 Joined: Fri Sep 29, 2023 6:30 pm. Re: HClO3. Post by 405961647 » Fri Dec 08, 2023 10:16 pm .Determine the Lewis Dot Structure for chloric acid:HClO3. Skip to main content. General Chemistry Start typing, then use the up and down arrows to select an option from the list.? ... HNO3 Lewis Structure - How to …The structure of H ClO3 (chloric Acid) is shown below. H atom is attached to O atom via a sigma bond. There are two Cl = O double bonds and one Cl −O single bond. Cl atom has one lone pair and 5 bond pairs of electrons. The geometry around Cl is pyramidal.Oxygen dichloride has the chemical formula OCl 2 with a molar mass of 86.9054 g/mol. It appears as brownish-yellow gas. It is soluble in water. In this article, we will discuss OCl 2 lewis structure, molecular geometry, bond angle, polar or nonpolar, its hybridization, etc. Oxygen dichloride is a member of the chlorine oxide family of …

Question: Draw the Lewis structure for HClO3 molecule. Be sure to include all lone pair electrons and nonzero formal charges.The Lewis structure of ClO3- helps us determine the bond angles and molecular geometry of the ion. In ClO3-, the central chlorine atom is surrounded by three oxygen atoms. The arrangement of these atoms gives rise to a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry. The bond angles in ClO3- are approximately: O-Cl-O: 109.5°. O-Cl=O: 120°.About this video -Lewis dot structure of hydrochliric acid.Hybridization of hydrochloric acid.Excitation of electrons.Orbital Diagram of subshells. Question: Draw the Lewis structure for HClO3. If the valence shells are filled to the usual limit (maximum of 8), what is the sum of the absolute values of all the formal charges in the molecule? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4 The Lewis Structure Generator that we put in your hands here is an excellent tool to obtain structures of more than 400 molecules. To use the Lewis Structure Calculator follow these steps: Enter the formula of the molecule in the field provided for it. For example, if we want to obtain the Lewis structure of the Sulfate ion, SO4– 2, we must ...Learn how to update your default permalink structure to generate more organic traffic to your WordPress site. Trusted by business builders worldwide, the HubSpot Blogs are your num...Science. Chemistry. Chemistry questions and answers. Draw the lewis structure for HClO2 in which he chlorine does not expand its octet. In this structure the chlorine has: a. Two single bonds and one double bond b. two single bonds c. two double bonds d. one single bond and one double bond e. three single bonds.

Step 1. THE LEWIS STRUCTURE OF CHLORIC ACID IS GIVEN IN THE IMAGE. RULE TO DETERMINE THE LEWIS STRUCTUE. Draw the Lewis structure for HClO3 molecule. Be sure to include all lone pair electrons and nonzero formal charges. Structure: It is a chlorine oxoacid. One chlorine atom, one hydrogen atom, and three oxygen atoms make up this compound. Two oxygen atoms are double bound to the chlorine atom, whereas the third atom is only single bonded. Chloric acid's chemical or molecular formula is HClO 3.John Lewis is one of the UK’s leading retailers, offering a wide range of products from fashion to home furnishings. With so many products available, it can be difficult to find th...Empecemos el artículo con el carácter covalente de la estructura de Lewis del HClO3. En la estructura de HClO3 Lewis, el Cl está en un estado de oxidación +5 y es su estado de oxidación más alto, por lo que puede comportarse como agente oxidante, puede sufrir reducción y oxidar otros sustituyentes. El valor pka de HClO3 es muy bajo, …Chemistry questions and answers. A generic Lewis structure is given where Y represents the central atom and the outer atoms are represented by X. The oute atoms are not necessarily all the same element. Which compound …See Answer. Question: Question 10 of 10 Submit Draw the Lewis structure of HCIO, (with minimized formal charges) and then choose the appropriate pair of molecular geometries of the two central atoms. Your answer choice is independent of the orientation of your drawn structure. A) linear / planar B) pyramidal / trigonal pyramidal C) trigonal ...

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3. ) Lewis Structure. Lewis structure of sulfurous acid (H 2 SO 3) contains two O-H bonds,one S=O bond, two S-O bonds.. Also, there is one lone pairs on sulfur atom. Concept of number of total valence electrons of atoms are used to draw lewis structure of H 2 SO 3. Each step of drawing the lewis structure of H 2 SO 3 is explained in detail in ... About this video - Structure of formation of HClO3, also known as Chloric acidHappy Reading :) When the winter chill sets in, it’s essential to find a coat that not only keeps you warm but also complements your style. Look no further than John Lewis for ladies’ winter coats ...Question: Draw the Lewis structure of HClO3 (by following the octet rule on all atoms) and then choose the appropriate pair of molecular geometries of the two central atoms. Your answer choice is independent of the orientation of your drawn structure. There are 3 steps to solve this one. Calculate the total number of valence electrons available ...

So, the structure in which one O atom is bonded to the H atom and Cl has a lone pair (the Lewis structure pictured) is the structure in which all the atoms have a formal charge of zero. It is the Lewis structure with the lowest energy, and is thus the more stable and more favorable structure! Top. stelang.HOCl is a weak acid with chemical name Hypochlorous Acid. It is also called Hydrogen hypochlorite or Chlorine hydroxide or hypochloric acid. It was discovered by a French chemist Antoine Jerome Balard in the year 1834. It is an oxyacid of chlorine. It contains monovalent chlorine that functions as a reducing agent or an oxidizing agent.A quick explanation of the molecular geometry of HClO3 (Chloric acid) including a description of the HClO3 bond angles.Looking at the HClO3 Lewis structure w...So, the structure in which one O atom is bonded to the H atom and Cl has a lone pair (the Lewis structure pictured) is the structure in which all the atoms have a formal charge of zero. It is the Lewis structure with the lowest energy, and is thus the more stable and more favorable structure! Top. stelang.Since we know that the steric number of ClO 3– is 4 (1 lone pair and three bonded pairs), we can determine that the Molecular geometry of ClO 3– is Trigonal Pyramidal. From the Lewis structure above, we know that its electronic shape is tetrahedral. CONCLUDING REMARKS. Let’s quickly summarize the salient features of …Chemistry questions and answers. a) Draw one Lewis structure (including all bonds and all non-bonding electron airs/lone pairs) of HClO3 that follows the octet rule (Hint: H is attached to an O atom, Cl is the central atom). Determine the number of valence electrons in the molecule.Exercise 10.4.1 10.4. 1. Use Lewis electron dot diagrams to illustrate the covalent bond formation in Cl 2. Answer. When working with covalent structures, it sometimes looks like you have leftover electrons. You apply the rules you learned so far, and there are still some electrons that remain unattached.Figure 3.1.1 3.1. 1: Lewis dot structure of atoms comprising ammonia and the dot structure of the molecule. (Kathryn Haas; CC-NC-BY-SA) The drawing of Lewis electron-dot structures is guided largely by the octet rule: that atoms form bonds to achieve eight electrons in their valence shell. For many elements, a full valence shell has an electron ... HClO3 Lewis structure. The Lewis structure of HClO3 shows that chlorine is the central atom bonded to three oxygen atoms and one hydrogen atom. Chlorine has 7 valence electrons, and each oxygen has 6 valence electrons. The structure includes three single bonds and one double bond between chlorine and oxygen atoms. Chloric acid (HClO3) formula Question: Draw the Lewis structure of HClO3 (by following the octet rule on all atoms) and then choose the appropriate pair of molecular geometries of the two central atoms. Your answer choice is independent of the orientation of your drawn structure. There are 3 steps to solve this one. Chemistry questions and answers. Draw the Lewis structure of HClO3 (by following the octet rule on all atoms) and then choose the appropriate pair of molecular geometries of the two central atoms. Your answer choice is independent of the orientation of your drawn structure. Incorrect, 3 attempts remaining Your submission: C) trigonal pyramidal ...

A quick explanation of the molecular geometry of HClO3 (Chloric acid) including a description of the HClO3 bond angles.Looking at the HClO3 Lewis …

See Answer. Question: Question 10 of 10 Submit Draw the Lewis structure of HCIO, (with minimized formal charges) and then choose the appropriate pair of molecular geometries of the two central atoms. Your answer choice is independent of the orientation of your drawn structure. A) linear / planar B) pyramidal / trigonal pyramidal C) trigonal ...Chloric acid is a colorless liquid. It will accelerate the burning of combustible materials and can ignite most on contact. It is corrosive to metals and tissue. It is used as a reagent in chemical analysis and to make other chemicals. Chloric acid is a chlorine oxoacid. It is a conjugate acid of a chlorate.You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. See Answer. Question: Draw the structure for chloric acid, HClO3. Optimize formal charges. Draw the structure for chloric acid, HClO3. Optimize formal charges. There are 2 steps to solve this one. Expert-verified. 83% (6 ratings)The structure of H ClO3 (chloric Acid) is shown below. H atom is attached to O atom via a sigma bond. There are two Cl = O double bonds and one Cl −O single bond. Cl atom has one lone pair and 5 bond pairs of electrons. The geometry around Cl is pyramidal.Question: Question 1: Chloric acid (HClO3) is a powerful oxidizer and almost a strong acid. Its used for making chlorate salts. (a) Regardless of the formal charge, apply octet rule to suggest four (04) possible Lewis structures of HClO3 (b) Use formal charge to determine the most plausible Lewis structures of HClO3 (c) Predict the approximate values for …About this video -Lewis dot structure of hydrochliric acid.Hybridization of hydrochloric acid.Excitation of electrons.Orbital Diagram of subshells.Question: Draw the Lewis structure of HClO3 (by following the octet rule on all atoms) and then choose the appropriate pair of molecular geometries of the two central atoms. Your answer choice is independent of the orientation of your drawn structure. Tap here or pull up for additional resource

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About this video -Lewis dot structure of hydrochliric acid.Hybridization of hydrochloric acid.Excitation of electrons.Orbital Diagram of subshells.20. The Lewis symbol for the nitrogen atom shows __ valence electrons. The number of bonds which nitrogen usually forms in order to complete its valence shell and obey the octet rule is ___. a. 5, 1 b. 5, 2 c. 3, 4 ! d. 5, 3 e. 5, 4 Section 9.3 23. Complete the Lewis structure for HClO3 from the skeletal template presented below by filling in theThe Lewis structure of HClO4 consists of Chlorine as central atom, four atoms of oxygen and an atom of Hydrogen. The structure of HClO4 consists of three double bonds between Cl and O atoms and a single bond between Cl and OH. Lewis Structure of HClO 4 consists of H,Cl and O atoms. Let us learn the shape, angle, hybridization and many more ...This problem has been solved! You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Question: Identify the correct Lewis structure for C2H2. O H-c-h-c: H-Ö=c-H H-ċ-ċ-H H-CEC-H O O H CEC: Н. There are 2 steps to solve this one.Oct 12, 2020 · Draw Lewis structures depicting the bonding in simple molecules. Compute formal charges for atoms in any Lewis structure. Use formal charges to identify the most reasonable Lewis structure for a given molecule. Identify the oxidation states of atoms in Lewis structures. 3.3.0: Bond Types. 3.3.0.0: Bond Types (Problems) 3.3.1: Lewis Dot Diagrams. Chemistry questions and answers. Draw the Lewis structure for HClO_3 from the skeletal template prated below. If the valence shells are filled to the usual limit (maximum of 8), what is the sum of the absolute values of all the formal charges in the molecule? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4.Are you looking for a comfortable and stylish recliner to add to your home? Look no further than the John Lewis recliner. This high-quality recliner is designed to provide you with...QUIMICA Estructura de Lewis ácido clórico HClO3 Carga Formal e hibridación sp3 AULAEXPRESS.Question: Draw the Lewis structure of HClO3 (by following the octet rule on all atoms) and then choose the appropriate pair of molecular geometries of the two central atoms. Your answer choice is independent of the orientation of your drawn structure. There are 3 steps to solve this one. Calculate the total number of valence electrons available ...If you’re a history buff or just love exploring the great outdoors, a Lewis and Clark river cruise should definitely be on your bucket list. A river cruise is an excellent way to e... ….

If you’re in the market for new curtains, there’s no better time to find a great deal than during the John Lewis curtains sale. As one of the leading retailers in the UK, John Lewi...Công thức Lewis của HCLO 3. 1. Viết công thức Lewis dựa theo công thức phân tử và electron hoá trị. Tiến hành theo các bước sau: Bước 1: Tính tổng số electron hóa trị trong phân tử. Cl có 7 electron hóa trị, O có 6 electron hóa trị, H có 1 electron hóa trị.Chemistry questions and answers. Draw the Lewis structure for HClO_3 from the skeletal template prated below. If the valence shells are filled to the usual limit (maximum of 8), what is the sum of the absolute values of all the formal charges in the molecule? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4.July 7, 2022 by Aditi Roy. Hypochlorous acid (HClO) has a Lewis structure with a chlorine (Cl) atom at the center, bonded to an oxygen (O) atom and a hydrogen (H) atom. Cl has 7 valence electrons, O has 6, and H has 1, totaling 14 electrons. The structure shows a single Cl-O bond, a single O-H bond, and three lone pairs on Cl.HClO3 Lewis structure. The Lewis structure of HClO3 shows that chlorine is the central atom bonded to three oxygen atoms and one hydrogen atom. Chlorine has 7 valence electrons, and each oxygen has 6 valence electrons. The structure includes three single bonds and one double bond between chlorine and oxygen atoms. Chloric acid (HClO3) formulaIf you’re in the market for a new or used car in Hays, KS, chances are you’ve come across Lewis Ford Toyota. With a reputation for quality vehicles and exceptional customer service...Let’s start the article with the covalent character of the HClO3 lewis structure. In the HClO3 lewis structure, Cl is in a +5 oxidation state and it is its highest oxidation state so, it can behave oxidizing agent, can undergo reduction, and oxidized other substituents.Define covalent bond. Illustrate covalent bond formation with Lewis electron dot diagrams. Ionic bonding typically occurs when it is easy for one atom to lose one or …Empecemos el artículo con el carácter covalente de la estructura de Lewis del HClO3. En la estructura de HClO3 Lewis, el Cl está en un estado de oxidación +5 y es su estado de oxidación más alto, por lo que puede comportarse como agente oxidante, puede sufrir reducción y oxidar otros sustituyentes. El valor pka de HClO3 es muy bajo, … Lewis structure hclo3, Oxygen dichloride has the chemical formula OCl 2 with a molar mass of 86.9054 g/mol. It appears as brownish-yellow gas. It is soluble in water. In this article, we will discuss OCl 2 lewis structure, molecular geometry, bond angle, polar or nonpolar, its hybridization, etc. Oxygen dichloride is a member of the chlorine oxide family of …, CHLORIC ACID. Molecular Formula HClO. Average mass 84.459 Da. Monoisotopic mass 83.961426 Da. ChemSpider ID 18513., You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. See Answer. Question: Draw the structure for chloric acid, HClO3. Optimize formal charges. Draw the structure for chloric acid, HClO3. Optimize formal charges. There are 2 steps to solve this one. Expert-verified. 83% (6 ratings) , Chemistry questions and answers. 3a. Draw the best Lewis structure for the HClO3 acid molecule. (Hint: the acidic H is bonded to O in an oxy-acid molecule). Evaluate each atom using formal charge to prove you have the best structure. Show your math work as well as your formal charge answers., HClO3 has 1+7+ (3*6) = 26 valence electrons. Start by putting Cl in the center (since it's the least electronegative), then draw the three oxygen around the Cl. For one of the oxygen, add the hydrogen next to it. Connect each of them with a single bond, and then fill the rest of the lone pairs. However, if you calculate the formal charges, two ..., The CO32- lewis structure, it is a diatomic anion, in which only two element are present that is carbon and oxygen atoms. Carbon atom do lies in 14th periodic table group and oxygen atom lies in 16th periodic table group. Thus they both contain 4 and 6 valence electrons respectively. Let calculate the total valence electrons present on CO32 ..., The Lewis dot structure for Cl2, the chemical formula for chlorine gas, is written with two Cl symbols, each of which is surrounded by three pairs of dots, connected by a single li..., Postby Kian K » Wed Nov 08, 2023 9:41 pm. If the H was on the Cl it would have a negative formal charge and oxygen as well would have a negative charge, giving oxygen 2 bonds makes it neutral. Top. 3 posts • Page 1 of 1. Return to “Lewis Structures”., The structure of H ClO3 (chloric Acid) is shown below. H atom is attached to O atom via a sigma bond. There are two Cl = O double bonds and one Cl −O single bond. Cl atom has one lone pair and 5 bond pairs of electrons. The geometry around Cl is pyramidal., Nov 13, 2023 · Here’s how you can easily draw the HClO 4 Lewis structure step by step: #1 Draw a rough skeleton structure. #2 Mention lone pairs on the atoms. #3 If needed, mention formal charges on the atoms. #4 Minimize formal charges by converting lone pairs of the atoms, and try to get a stable Lewis structure. , 3a.Draw the best Lewis structure for the HClO3 acid molecule. (Hint: the acidic H is bonded to O in an oxy-acid molecule).Evaluate each atom using formal charge to prove you have the best structure. Show your math work as well as your formal charge answers. 3b. Draw all the resonance structures for the ClO3– polyatomic anion., Step 1. THE LEWIS STRUCTURE OF CHLORIC ACID IS GIVEN IN THE IMAGE. RULE TO DETERMINE THE LEWIS STRUCTUE. Draw the Lewis structure for HClO3 molecule. Be sure to include all lone pair electrons and nonzero formal charges., Chlorate [ClO3]- ion Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry or shape, electron geometry, bond angle, hybridization, formal charges, polar vs non-polar. [ClO 3] – is the chemical formula for chlorine trioxide, more commonly known as the chlorate ion. The chlorate ion is present in chloric acid salts. It is a monovalent anion and a strong ..., The structure of H ClO3 (chloric Acid) is shown below. H atom is attached to O atom via a sigma bond. There are two Cl = O double bonds and one Cl −O single bond. Cl atom has one lone pair and 5 bond pairs of electrons. The geometry around Cl is pyramidal., This problem has been solved! You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Question: 7) Draw Lewis structures of the following acids and identify the strongest acid in each of the sets. Provide justification based on electronegativity and molecular structure. a., Jan 1, 2021 · In order to calculate the formal charges for HClO3 we'll use the equation:Formal charge = [# of valence electrons] - [nonbonding val electrons] - [bonding el... , Structure: It is a chlorine oxoacid. One chlorine atom, one hydrogen atom, and three oxygen atoms make up this compound. Two oxygen atoms are double bound to the chlorine atom, whereas the third atom is only single bonded. Chloric acid's chemical or molecular formula is HClO 3., Steps. Use these steps to correctly draw the HClO 3 Lewis structure: #1 First draw a rough sketch. #2 Mark lone pairs on the atoms. #3 Calculate and mark formal charges on the atoms, if required. #4 Convert lone pairs of the atoms, and minimize formal charges., Question: Draw a Lewis dot structure for HClO3. Identify the number of bonds and lone pairs in the structure. the correct answer is not shown O 7 bonds and 6 lone pairs O 5 bonds and 8 lone pairs 4 bonds and 9 lone pairs 6 bonds and 7 lone pairs. Show transcribed image text. Here’s the best way to solve it., Lewis Symbols. We use Lewis symbols to describe valence electron configurations of atoms and monatomic ions. A Lewis symbol consists of an elemental symbol surrounded by one dot for each of its valence electrons:. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows the Lewis symbols for the elements of the third period of the periodic table., Knowing this information makes it much easier to draw the Lewis structure for HClO 3. For the Lewis structure for HClO 3 you should take formal charges into account to find the best Lewis structure for the molecule. In the Lewis structure for HClO 3 there are a total of 26 valence electrons., The HClO compound involves three elements: hydrogen, chlorine, and oxygen. The presence of the hydrogen atom in the chemical formula suggests that the …, In this problem, we need to draw the Lewis structure of H C l O X 3 \ce{HClO3} HClO X 3 , and find the molecular geometry of the two central atoms. Chlorine is in the group 7 A \ce{7A} 7 A , so it has 7 7 7 valence electrons, oxygen is in the group 6 A \ce{6A} 6 A , and it has 6 6 6 valence electrons, and hydrogen has 1 1 1 valence electron., The ClO3- Lewis structure is a good structure to help you understand w... A step-by-step explanation of how to draw the ClO3- Lewis Structure (Chlorate Ion)., Draw the Lewis structure of HClO₃ (with minimized formal charges) and then choose the appropriate pair of molecular geometries of the two central atoms. Your answer choice is independent of the orientation of your drawn structure. Chemistry: The Molecular Science. 5th Edition. ISBN: 9781285199047., Learn how to draw the lewis structure of HClO3 in 6 steps with images and explanations. Find the valence electrons, central atom, electron pairs, outer atoms, stability and formal charge of the molecule. See the detailed steps and formulas for each step., You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. See Answer. Question: A) Draw the Lewis structure of HClO3 where the structure obeys octet rule. What is the electronic geometry?B) Draw the structure where the formal charges are minimized. Draw in the bond dipoles., To draw the Lewis structure of an atom, write the symbol of the atom and draw dots around it to represent the valence electrons. Note that hydrogen is often …, So, the structure in which one O atom is bonded to the H atom and Cl has a lone pair (the Lewis structure pictured) is the structure in which all the atoms have a formal charge of zero. It is the Lewis structure with the lowest energy, and is thus the more stable and more favorable structure! Top. stelang., Steps for Writing Lewis Structures. Example 6.4.1 6.4. 1. 1. Determine the total number of valence electrons in the molecule or ion. Each H atom (group 1) has 1 valence electron, and the O atom (group 16) has 6 valence electrons, for a …, Question: Draw the Lewis structure for HClO3. If the valence shells are filled to the usual limit (maximum of 8), what is the sum of the absolute values of all the formal charges in the molecule? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4, Learn about the volunteer structure of the American Heart Association's research programs. Join us in advancing cardiovascular health. Learn more today. Science and medicine volunt..., Feb 15, 2015 · Lewis structure for HOCl. The properly way to determine the Lewis structure, based on this example, is: Total valence electrons: 7 + 6 + 1 = 14 7 + 6 + 1 = 14. Total electrons needed for octets/doublets: 8 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 1 = 18 8 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 1 = 18. Total shared/bonding electrons: 18 − 14 = 4 18 − 14 = 4 (In other words, there are only two ...