Usajmo

Resources Aops Wiki 2024 USAJMO Problems/Problem 5 Page. Article Discussion View source History. Toolbox. Recent changes Random page Help What links here Special pages. Search. 2024 USAJMO Problems/Problem 5. Contents. 1 Problem; 2 Solution 1; 3 See Also; Problem. Find all functions that satisfy for all .

Usajmo. Participation in the USAJMO is by invitation only. The test is administered to approximately the top 250 student combined scorers on the AMC 10 and AIME. The USAJMO problems consist of 6 detailed solutions to short-answer problems. The topics include the standard high school curriculum up to 10th Grade, but in much, much greater detail. Scoring

We will work on background ideas of: USAJMO - The United States of America Junior Mathematical Olympiad USA There are around 50 ideas in each topic Algebra N...

2010 USAJMO problems and solutions. The first link contains the full set of test problems. The rest contain each individual problem and its solution. 2010 USAJMO Problems. 2010 USAJMO Problems/Problem 1. 2010 USAJMO Problems/Problem 2. The AIME (American Invitational Mathematics Examination) is an intermediate examination between the AMC 10 or AMC 12 and the USAMO. All students who took the AMC 12 and achieved a score of 100 or more out of a possible 150 or were in the top 5% are invited to take the AIME. All students who took the AMC 10 and had a score of 120 …USA (J)MO 2016. The 2016 USA (J)MO contest will be available here starting 15 minutes before start time on April 19 th and April 20 th. Do not allow your students internet or phone access after 12:15PM EDT. Day One - April 19th. The Day One USAMO exam pdf is still available here. The Day One USAJMO exam pdf is still available here.The Community for Competition Math in the USA. Includes, but is not limited to Mathcounts, AIME, AMC 8, AMC 10, AMC 12, HMMT, USAMO, USAJMO, IMO, and more. We're dedicated to learning, and the quest to find a solution.The ratio of all quali ers for USAMO and USAJMO through AIME I to all quali ers for USAMO and USAJMO through AIME II is (202 + 173)=(64+58) = 3:07. The ratio of US and Canada AIME I takers to AIME II takers is 4017=1398 = 2:87. 3 Comparison of AIME Di culty Vectors. 3.1 Item Di culty Vectors in 2014.Page 1 of 2. Do NOT write your name or school anywhere on the answer sheets; all your papers must be anonymous at the time of the grading. Instructions to be Read by USAMO/USAJMO Participants. Your papers should be CLEAR, CONCISE, COMPLETE, and written DARKLY, keeping in mind it is a scanned copy being graded, not the original.22 Mar 2021 ... Welcome! Today we will be going through USAMO Q1 2018. This problem will be all about proving a seemingly nice inequality -- but it isn't ...The web page announces the names and grades of six students who qualified for the 2021 USAMO and USAJMO competitions. It also provides links to other achievements of the students in AMC, AIME and AMC 8 contests.

-In somewhat rough order of prestige/difficulty, the awards are as follows:International olympiads > National training camps > USAMO qualification > USAJMO/USACO Platinum qualification > USAPhO qualification > AIME/USACO Gold/USNCO/USABO qualification.The USA Junior Mathematical Olympiad (USAJMO) is an exam used after the American Invitational Mathematics Examination to determine the top math students in …This is a compilation of solutions for the 2023 JMO. The ideas of the solution are a mix of my own work, the solutions provided by the competition organizers, and solutions found by the community. However, all the writing is maintained by me. These notes will tend to be a bit more advanced and terse than the “oficial” solutions from the ...2015 USAJMO. 2014 USAJMO. 2013 USAJMO. 2012 USAJMO. 2011 USAJMO. 2010 USAJMO. Art of Problem Solving is an. ACS WASC Accredited School.2024 USAMO and USAJMO Qualifying Thresholds. The 2024 USA (J)MO will be held on March 19th and 20th, 2024. Students qualify for the USA (J)MO based on their USA (J)MO Indices, as shown below. Selection to the USAMO is based on the USAMO index which is defined as AMC 12 Score plus 10 times AIME Score. Selection to the …The United States of America Mathematical Olympiad ( USAMO) is a proof based competition that is held annually in the United States. This competition has served as the final round of the AMC series of contests …2021 USAJMO. The 12th USAJMO will be held on April 13 and April 14, 2021. The first link will contain the full set of test problems. The rest will contain each individual problem and …We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.

Hu V icto r ia S arato ga High S cho o l W in n e r Hu an g L u ke Co r n e ll Un ive r s it y W in n e r J ayaram an Pavan We s t-W in ds o r P lain s bo ro HighThus, for USAMO invitation, students should do the best they can on both the AMC 10 or AMC 12 and the AIME. Titu Andreescu, Director. American Mathematics Competitions. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Lincoln, NE 68588-0658 U.S.A. Tel: 402-472-6566, Fax: 402-472-6087. [email protected] 4. Let denote the number of -digit positive integers satisfying the conditions listed in the problem. Claim 1: To prove this, let be the leftmost digit of the -digit positive integer. When ranges from to the allowable second-to-leftmost digits is the set with excluded. Note that since are all repeated times and using our definition of ...American Mathematics Competitions. COMPETITION UPDATES. 2024 USAMO/JMO Results. Congratulations to all 2024 USAMO/JMO participants! We are pleased to …The United States of America Mathematical Olympiad (USAMO) is the third test in a series of exams used to challenge bright students on the path toward choosing the team that represents the United States at the International Mathematics Olympiad (IMO).. The USAMO is administered by the American Mathematics Competitions (AMC). Art of … Problem 3. An equilateral triangle of side length is given. Suppose that equilateral triangles with side length 1 and with non-overlapping interiors are drawn inside , such that each unit equilateral triangle has sides parallel to , but with opposite orientation. (An example with is drawn below.)

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§4Solution to 2016/J2 We will prove that n = 20 + 219 = 524308 ts the bill. Claim. For this n we have 5n 520 (mod 1020). Proof. Since 520 divides 5n 520, we just need to prove 220 divides 5n 520. This may be factored as 520+219 520 = 520 5219 1 = 520 (5 1)(5 + 1) 52 + 1 54 + 1 5218 + 1 and each factor in parentheses is even, as needed.1 Putting these two …The USA Junior Mathematical Olympiad (USAJMO) is an exam used after the American Invitational Mathematics Examination to determine the top math students in …The USA Junior Mathematical Olympiad (USAJMO) is an exam used after the American Invitational Mathematics Examination to determine the top math students in America in grades 10 and under. It is possible for students to qualify for the Red level of the Mathematical Olympiad Summer Program.. It is also referred to as the Junior USAMO.It …USAMO/USAJMO Awards: Celine Liang – USAMO Winner, Edwin Peng – USAJMO Winner, Demi Guo – Honorable Mention, James Lin – USAMO Honorable Mention, Samuel Reinehr – USAMO Honorable Mention, Ashwin Sah – USAMO Honorable Mention, Alexander Whatley – USAMO Honorable Mention, Ankan Bhattacharya – USAJMO …2020 - 2024. Honors & Awards. 3x Tournament of Champions Qualifier. University of Kentucky. Apr 2023. National tournament for top ~80 debaters in the nation, 5th speaker …USAJMO cutoff: 224.5(AMC 10A), 233(AMC 10B) AIME II based Qualifications. USAMO cutoff: 221(AMC 12A), 230.5(AMC 12B) USAJMO cutoff: 219(AMC 10A), 225(AMC 10B) This exam was intense for me. It is a two day, 9 hours exam (split in two individual 4.5 hour sessions) that is organized at a particular time across the country which means you end …

Participation in the USAJMO is by invitation only. The test is administered to approximately the top 250 student combined scorers on the AMC 10 and AIME. The USAJMO problems consist of 6 detailed solutions to short-answer problems. The topics include the standard high school curriculum up to 10th Grade, but in much, much greater detail. Scoring Problem 3. An empty cube is given, and a grid of square unit cells is drawn on each of its six faces. A beam is a rectangular prism. Several beams are placed inside the cube subject to the following conditions: The two faces of each beam coincide with unit cells lying on opposite faces of the cube. (Hence, there are possible positions for a ...USAJMO 1. First we show that if the goal can be reached, then ab must be even. Suppose that it is possible to achieve the desired end-state. Each time we perform a move, the sum of the positions of the apples increases by 1. Since the sum starts out as 1 + 2 + + a and ends up as (b+ 1) + (b+ 2) + + (b+ a), the total number of moves must beThe Committee on the American Mathematics Competitions announces a new contest, the USA Junior Mathematical Olympiad, for students in 10th grade and below. This year, 237 students qualified for the USAJMO. On April 27-28, these students tackled a challenging, six-question exam, distributed via the Internet to their schools. 2010 USAJMO problems and solutions. The first link contains the full set of test problems. The rest contain each individual problem and its solution. 2010 USAJMO Problems. 2010 USAJMO Problems/Problem 1. 2010 USAJMO Problems/Problem 2. 17 Apr 2024 ... ... USAJMO AIME. 239 views · 3 weeks ago ... USAMO USAJMO Tutor Best Math Class AMC 12 10 8 AIME Preparation MathCounts Practice Olympiad Problem.Alexander is a sophomore who will succeed Evan as the CEO for OMMC. He currently works as a Content Contributor for OMMC. He is an IMO Gold Medalist and has achieved Distinguished Honor Roll on the AMC 10/12 multiple times. He has qualified for USAJMO 3 times, and placed overall rank 1 in USAJMO out of all contestants in 2022.2019 USAJMO. The test was held on April 17th and 18th, 2019. The first link will contain the full set of test problems. The rest will contain each individual problem and its solution. 2019 USAJMO Problems.

USAJMO proctor will be informed by email of your assigned ID number. The number at the top center is the Problem Number. Do NOT write your name or school anywhere on the answer sheets; all your papers must be a nonymous at the time of the grading. Write only your USAMO or USAJMO ID number and Problem Number on any additional papers …

Find a augmented reality & virtual reality developer today! Read client reviews & compare industry experience of leading AR & VR development company. Development Most Popular Emerg... USA (J)MO 2016. The 2016 USA (J)MO contest will be available here starting 15 minutes before start time on April 19 th and April 20 th. Do not allow your students internet or phone access after 12:15PM EDT. Day One - April 19th. The Day One USAMO exam pdf is still available here. The Day One USAJMO exam pdf is still available here. Problem 0.2 (Problem 1, USAJMO 2011). Find, with proof, all positive integers n for which 2 n+ 12 + 2011n is a perfect square. Hint: use mod 3 and mod 4. Problem 0.3 (Problem 4, USAJMO 2011). A word is de ned as any nite string of letters. A word is a palindrome if it reads the same backwards as forwards. Let a sequence of words W 0;W 1;W This page provides instructions for applying to PRIMES-USA , a nationwide research program for high school juniors and sophomores living in the U.S. outside Greater Boston. To apply to MIT PRIMES , a research program for students living within driving distance from Boston, see How to Apply to MIT PRIMES . To apply to PRIMES Circle , a math ...so the main way of qualifying is amc10/12 -> aime -> usa (j)mo (these are all math tests with increasing difficulty) to qualify for usa (j)mo, you'll have to perform well on both the amc10/12 and aime. usajmo is basically for those who took the amc10, while usamo is for amc12 test-takers. everyone who passes the amc stage takes the aime.The rest contain each individual problem and its solution. 2011 USAJMO Problems. 2011 USAJMO Problems/Problem 1. 2011 USAJMO Problems/Problem 2. 2011 USAJMO Problems/Problem 3. 2011 USAJMO Problems/Problem 4. 2011 USAJMO Problems/Problem 5. 2011 USAJMO Problems/Problem 6.2019 USAJMO. The test was held on April 17th and 18th, 2019. The first link will contain the full set of test problems. The rest will contain each individual problem and its solution. 2019 USAJMO Problems.Frontier Airlines will be beginning service from Chicago Midway (MDW) to Fort Lauderdale (FLL) and Miami (MIA), perfect for winter escapes. We may be compensated when you click on ...It's easy to forget if you just took a pill or multivitamin, particularly if you do it in the morning before your brain completely wakes up. Luckily, there's an easy habit you can ...The 13th USAJMO was held on March 22 and March 23, 2022. The first link will contain the full set of test problems. The rest will contain each individual problem and its solution. 2022 USAJMO Problems. 2022 USAJMO Problems/Problem 1; 2022 USAJMO Problems/Problem 2; 2022 USAJMO Problems/Problem 3; 2022 USAJMO Problems/Problem 4; 2022 USAJMO ...

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(RTTNews) - With the value of imports rising by more than the value of exports, the Commerce Department released a report on Friday showing the U.... (RTTNews) - With the value of ...Problem 4. Let be an irrational number with , and draw a circle in the plane whose circumference has length 1. Given any integer , define a sequence of points , , , as follows. First select any point on the circle, and for define as the point on the circle for which the length of arc is , when travelling counterclockwise around the circle from ... Lemma 1: Each row and column must have the same number of red squares. Proof: Suppose two rows do not have the same number of red squares. Suppose Rowan permutes the two rows onto each other. Then, because the two rows have a different number of red squares, there is no way for Colin to permute the columns, which permutes the squares in the row ... In 2023, I got USAJMO HM and was a participant in MATHCOUNTS Nationals CDR. Other than math, I enjoy studying physics. Christopher Cheng. I'm going to be a 9th grader at Lexington High School next year. In 2023, I made the Massachusetts MATHCOUNTS team and got 24th at nationals. In addition to math, I enjoy watching and playing sports.The 2020 USAJMO is an online contest that takes place on Friday June 19 to Saturday June 20. The scoring is exactly the same as the USAJMO. The first link will contain the full set of test problems. The rest will contain each individual problem and its solution. 2020 USOJMO Problems. 2020 USOJMO Problems/Problem 1. 2020 USOJMO Problems/Problem 2.What would it be like to live in a world where preventive medication has rendered HIV completely non-infectious? In the general population, this question may seem somewhat less pre...The 15th USAJMO was held on March 19th and 20th, 2024. The first link will contain the full set of test problems. The rest will contain each individual problem and its solution. 2024 USAJMO Problems. 2024 USAJMO Problems/Problem 1.Solution. Let digit of a number be the units digit, digit be the tens digit, and so on. Let the 6 consecutive zeroes be at digits through digit . The criterion is then obviously equivalent to. We will prove that satisfies this, thus proving the problem statement (since ). We want. 2019 USAJMO Winners . Adithya Balachandran (High Technology High School, NJ) Kevin Cong (Phillips Exeter Academy, NH) Rishabh Das (Stuyvesant High School, NY) Benjamin Epstein (Lexington High School, MA) Justin Lee (Connections Academy, CA) Huaye Jeffrey Lin (Jonas Clarke Middle School, MA) 2016 USAJMO problems and solutions. The first link contains the full set of test problems. The rest contain each individual problem and its solution. 2016 USAJMO Problems. 2016 USAJMO Problems/Problem 1. 2016 USAJMO Problems/Problem 2.The following is a rough standard based on the USA tier system AMC 8 – AMC 10 – AMC 12 – AIME – USAMO/USAJMO - IMO, representing Middle School – Junior High – High School – Challenging High School – Olympiad levels. Other contests can be interpolated against this. Notes: ….

USAJMO 1. First we show that if the goal can be reached, then ab must be even. Suppose that it is possible to achieve the desired end-state. Each time we perform a move, the sum of the positions of the apples increases by 1. Since the sum starts out as 1 + 2 + + a and ends up as (b+ 1) + (b+ 2) + + (b+ a), the total number of moves must beSolution 4. Take the whole expression mod 12. Note that the perfect squares can only be of the form 0, 1, 4 or 9 (mod 12). Note that since the problem is asking for positive integers, is always divisible by 12, so this will be disregarded in this process. If is even, then and .William Chen qualified for USAJMO. Michael Zhang qualified for USAMO. ORMC students who qualified for AIME 2022: Fateh Aliev qualified on AMC 10. William Chen qualified on AMC 10. Kylar Cheng qualified on AMC 10. Jack Fasching qualified on both AMC 10A and 12B. Shimon Schlessinger qualified on AMC 10. Yash Vora qualified on AMC 12.Solution 2. Let the midpoint of be . We claim that moves along a circle with radius . We will show that , which implies that , and as is fixed, this implies the claim. by the median formula on . by the median formula on . As , from right triangle . By , . Since is the circumcenter of , and is the circumradius, the expression is the power of ...Solution. Let digit of a number be the units digit, digit be the tens digit, and so on. Let the 6 consecutive zeroes be at digits through digit . The criterion is then obviously equivalent to. We will prove that satisfies this, thus proving the problem statement (since ). We want.USAJMO proctor will be informed by email of your assigned ID number. The number at the top center is the Problem Number. Do NOT write your name or school anywhere on the answer sheets; all your papers must be a nonymous at the time of the grading. Write only your USAMO or USAJMO ID number and Problem Number on any additional papers …USAJMO is an exam used to determine the top math students in America, Grade 10 and under, and is also referred to as the Junior version of the United States of America Mathematical Olympiad (USAMO). USAMO is the most prestigious math competition in the country which qualifies the top scorers to compete for the United …As record-breaking crowds go through airport security, TPG offers tips on how to get through TSA checkpoints quickly. Editor’s note: This post has been updated with new information... Usajmo, Torrey Pines High School University of Texas at Austin Lexington High School Carmel High School Panther Creek High School Redmond Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology. HON VINCENT MASSEY SS Syosset High School Texas Academy of Math & Science., Solution. Let digit of a number be the units digit, digit be the tens digit, and so on. Let the 6 consecutive zeroes be at digits through digit . The criterion is then obviously equivalent to. We will prove that satisfies this, thus proving the problem statement (since ). We want., Plus: Pfizer’s broken vaccine equality promises Good morning, Quartz readers! 20 million tuned in to the coronation of King Charles III on TV. That’s 9 million fewer viewers than Q..., 2014 USAJMO problems and solutions. The first link contains the full set of test problems. The rest contain each individual problem and its solution. 2014 USAJMO Problems. 2014 USAJMO Problems/Problem 1. 2014 USAJMO Problems/Problem 2., After the AIME I and AOIME are scored, the USAMO committee and MAA AMC program will determine the cutoff indexes that will qualify students for USAMO or USAJMO. USA(J)MO qualification scores are determined by AMC 10/12 and AIME scores. For this 2019-2020 competition cycle, the AMC will uphold this process to determine …, 17 Apr 2024 ... ... USAJMO AIME. 239 views · 3 weeks ago ... USAMO USAJMO Tutor Best Math Class AMC 12 10 8 AIME Preparation MathCounts Practice Olympiad Problem., The 2015 USAJMO occurred on Tuesday, April 28 and Wednesday, April 29. The requirement scores are as follows: (This is the first year where the cutoffs are split by AIME score.) AMC 10 A/B + AIME I: 213.0 AMC 10 A/B + AIME II: 223.5, The results of a new study on typing has researchers wondering whether to teach it at all. HowStuffWorks Now typed up the results. Advertisement Back in the day – before computers ..., Alexander is a sophomore who will succeed Evan as the CEO for OMMC. He currently works as a Content Contributor for OMMC. He is an IMO Gold Medalist and has achieved Distinguished Honor Roll on the AMC 10/12 multiple times. He has qualified for USAJMO 3 times, and placed overall rank 1 in USAJMO out of all contestants in 2022., Write only your USAMO or USAJMO ID number and Problem Number on any additional papers you hand in. You may use blank paper, but you must follow the same instructions as stated above. There are six equally weighted problems, for which you will be allowed a total of nine hours. You will be allowed 4.5 hours on Tuesday, March 22, 2022 (between 1: ..., , Problem 3. An empty cube is given, and a grid of square unit cells is drawn on each of its six faces. A beam is a rectangular prism. Several beams are placed inside the cube subject to the following conditions: The two faces of each beam coincide with unit cells lying on opposite faces of the cube. (Hence, there are possible positions for a ..., 2019 USAJMO. The test was held on April 17th and 18th, 2019. The first link will contain the full set of test problems. The rest will contain each individual problem and its solution. 2019 USAJMO Problems., USAMO and USAJMO Winners Announced! Read more about the competition here: http://www.maa.org/math-competitions/invitational-competitions, 2019 USAJMO Qualifiers and ID Numbers. USAJMO ID Number First Initial Last Name. AIME School State J447 J LI ACADEMY FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY NJ J505 S FERRANTE ADVANCE MATH & SCIENCE ACAD CHARTER MA J456 J SHI ALABAMA SCHOOL OF FINE ARTS AL J352. G. LI. ALABAMA SCHOOL OF MATH/SCIENCE. AL., The 2015 USAJMO occurred on Tuesday, April 28 and Wednesday, April 29. The requirement scores are as follows: (This is the first year where the cutoffs are split by AIME score.), Exactly the day before exam of AMC 10A and 12A I released a preparation video(link below) that had useful ideas for AMC 10 12 and other exams and I solved ma..., 2021 USAJMO Winners . Aaron Guo (Jasper junior high school, TX) Alan Vladimiroff (Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, VA) Alex Zhao (Lakeside …, After the AIME I and AOIME are scored, the USAMO committee and MAA AMC program will determine the cutoff indexes that will qualify students for USAMO or USAJMO. USA(J)MO qualification scores are determined by AMC 10/12 and AIME scores. For this 2019-2020 competition cycle, the AMC will uphold this process to determine …, Torrey Pines High School University of Texas at Austin Lexington High School Carmel High School Panther Creek High School Redmond Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology. HON VINCENT MASSEY SS Syosset High School Texas Academy of Math & Science., 2018 USAJMO. The test was held on April 18th and 19th, 2018. The first link will contain the full set of test problems. The rest will contain each individual problem and its solution. 2018 USAJMO Problems., Get ratings and reviews for the top 11 pest companies in Brookhaven, GA. Helping you find the best pest companies for the job. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home All Projects Fea..., Problem 4. Two players, and , play the following game on an infinite grid of unit squares, all initially colored white. The players take turns starting with . On 's turn, selects one white unit square and colors it blue. On 's turn, selects two white unit squares and colors them red. The players alternate until decides to end the game., This page provides instructions for applying to PRIMES-USA , a nationwide research program for high school juniors and sophomores living in the U.S. outside Greater Boston. To apply to MIT PRIMES , a research program for students living within driving distance from Boston, see How to Apply to MIT PRIMES . To apply to PRIMES Circle , a math ..., In 2023, I got USAJMO HM and was a participant in MATHCOUNTS Nationals CDR. Other than math, I enjoy studying physics. Christopher Cheng. I'm going to be a 9th grader at Lexington High School next year. In 2023, I made the Massachusetts MATHCOUNTS team and got 24th at nationals. In addition to math, I enjoy watching and playing sports., USAJMO Winners Last Name First Name Grade School Name State Fang Evan 10 Lexington High School MA Gan Eric 8 A & M Consolidated HS TX Li Wanlin 10 Syosset High School NY Lin Andrew 10 Lynbrook High School CA Liu Kevin 9 …, The USAMO and USAJMO indexes are calculated as follows: USAMO Index = AMC 12 Score + 10 x AIME Score USAJMO Index = AMC 10 Score + 10 x AIME Score. If a student’s scores qualify them for both the USAMO and the USAJMO, they will be invited to take the USAMO. Only students currently attending school full-time in the United States …, When we feel love and kindness toward others it not only makes others feel loved and cared for, it helps us al When we feel love and kindness toward others it not only makes others..., Plus: Pfizer’s broken vaccine equality promises Good morning, Quartz readers! 20 million tuned in to the coronation of King Charles III on TV. That’s 9 million fewer viewers than Q..., Problem 4. Two players, and , play the following game on an infinite grid of unit squares, all initially colored white. The players take turns starting with . On 's turn, selects one white unit square and colors it blue. On 's turn, selects two white unit squares and colors them red. The players alternate until decides to end the game., ON. May 1, 2004 USAMO Graders: Back Row: David Wells- AMC 12 Chair, Titu Andreescu- USAMO Chair, Razvan Gelca, Elgin Johnston- CAMC Chair, Zoran Sunik, Gregory Galperin, Zuming Feng- IMO Team Leader, Steven Dunbar- AMC Director. Front Row: David Hankin- AIME Chair, Kiran Kedlaya, Dick Gibbs, Cecil Rousseau, Richard Stong. USAMO Grading, , Find a augmented reality & virtual reality developer today! Read client reviews & compare industry experience of leading AR & VR development company. Development Most Popular Emerg..., Problem 0.2 (Problem 1, USAJMO 2011). Find, with proof, all positive integers n for which 2 n+ 12 + 2011n is a perfect square. Hint: use mod 3 and mod 4. Problem 0.3 (Problem 4, USAJMO 2011). A word is de ned as any nite string of letters. A word is a palindrome if it reads the same backwards as forwards. Let a sequence of words W 0;W 1;W