V fib treatment acls

Ventricular Fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation, or VF, is considered the most serious abnormal heart rhythm. VF is extremely dangerous and can lead to sudden cardiac death. Without treatment, the condition is fatal within minutes. Disordered electrical activity causes the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles) to quiver instead of ...

For this case, you use the Acute Coronary Syndromes Algorithm to guide the assessment and management of patients with signs and symptoms of acute coronary syndromes. A key focus of the case is the identification and treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). You use a 12-lead ECG to evaluate the patient's rhythm.Adenosine may predispose the heart to atrial fibrillation, ... It should be noted that neither lidocaine nor procainamide appear in these updated 2005 AHA ACLS treatment algorithm flow diagrams. Procainamide and sotalol do appear in the accompanying text as alternative drugs for wide complex regular tachycardias. 18.Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) is a dangerous type of arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat. It affects your heart’s ventricles. Your heart is a muscle system that contains 4 chambers. The 2 bottom chambers are the ventricles. In a healthy heart, your blood pumps evenly in and out of these chambers.V-fib and Pulseless V-tach; V-fib and Pulseless V-tach, Pediatric; Pulseless Electrical Activity ... Tachycardia, Pediatric; PVC Treatment; Supraventricular Tachycardia, Adult; Pulmonary Edema; Epinephrine Dose by Age and Route; Blood Pressure Management; Bicarbonate Therapy; Rate Control in A-fib and A-flutter ... Argyle, B., ACLS Teaching ...This “2023 American Heart Association Focused Update on Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support” summarizes the most recent published evidence for and …

In ACLS, Lidocaine is used intravenously for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. (VT/VF) It is also useful for the treatment of stable monomorphic VT with preserved ventricular function and for stable polymorphic VT with preserved left ventricular function, normal QT interval, and correction of any electrolyte imbalances.What is ventricular fibrillation? Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) is a dangerous type of arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat. It affects your heart’s ventricles. Your heart is a muscle system that contains 4 chambers. The 2 bottom chambers are the ventricles. In a healthy heart, your blood pumps evenly in and out of these chambers.Need a pet-friendly car rental? We list the car rental agencies that allow dogs and other pets, including their fees and restrictions. Most major car rental companies are pet-frien...In ACLS, Lidocaine is used intravenously for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. (VT/VF) It is also useful for the treatment of stable monomorphic VT with preserved ventricular function and for stable polymorphic VT with preserved left ventricular function, normal QT interval, and correction of any electrolyte imbalances.A life-threatening complication of V-tach is ventricular fibrillation, also called V-fib. V-fib can cause all heart activity to suddenly stop, called sudden cardiac arrest. Emergency treatment is needed to prevent death. V-fib happens most often in people with heart disease or a prior heart attack. Sometimes it occurs in those who have high or ...Review guidelines for the pediatric cardiac arrest algorithm with our free resources. Start CPR. Start CPR with hard and fast compressions, around 100 to 120 per minute, allowing the chest to completely recoil. Give the patient oxygen and attach a monitor or defibrillator. Make sure to minimize interruptions in chest compressions and avoid ...Ventricular fibrillation ("VF" or " V-fib ") is a life-threatening. cardiac arrhythmia. characterized by disorganized, high-frequency ventricular contractions that result in diminished. cardiac output. and hemodynamic collapse. V-fib usually begins with. ventricular tachycardia.

Complete your ACLS recerti !cation online with the highest quality course at http://www.acls.net © ACLS Training Center +1 219-255-2255 [email protected] 22, 2000 · In patients with cardiac arrest refractory to standard ACLS, vasopressin induced an increase in blood pressure, and in some cases, ROSC. 51 In a similar clinical evaluation after approximately 40 minutes of unsuccessful ACLS, 4 of 10 patients responded to vasopressin and had a mean increase in coronary perfusion pressure of 28 mm Hg. 46 In a ... It’s administered over 10 minutes. Should the V-tach, whether it’s polymorphic or monomorphic, lapse into V-fib, which can happen, immediately go into your V-fib algorithm. Let’s look at ventricular fibrillation. No pulse. No cardiac output. First drug of choice is epinephrine 1:10,000 1 mg IV push every 3 to 5 minutes. There’s no max ...Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a wide complex tachycardia, defined as three or more consecutive beats at a rate of more than 100 per minute, arising from the ventricle.[1] Ventricular tachycardia is a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia, and it is responsible for the majority of sudden cardiac deaths in the United States.[2] It is …Adenosine may predispose the heart to atrial fibrillation, ... It should be noted that neither lidocaine nor procainamide appear in these updated 2005 AHA ACLS treatment algorithm flow diagrams. Procainamide and sotalol do appear in the accompanying text as alternative drugs for wide complex regular tachycardias. 18.Adult Dosage for Lidocaine: Dosage for cardiac arrest from ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia: Initial dose is 1 to 1.5 mg/kg IV or IO. Can also be delivered via endotracheal tube. Dosage for refractory ventricular fibrillation: An additional .5 to .75 mg/kg may be given via IV push.

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Oct 31, 2022 ... Dr. Pruett walks us through the identification of Ventricular Tachycardia and treatment of a stable V-Tach. #albuquerque #firerescue #ems ...Automating your computer is the smarter way to run repetitive tasks. Sometimes, the best way to use your Mac is to not use it at all. Your Mac is capable of powerful automations th...These patients are prone to develop ventricular fibrillation (VF). ... Patients in cardiac arrest will require CPR with some modifications of conventional BLS and ACLS care and will require active internal rewarming –Moderate (30°C to 34°C [86°F to 93.2°F]): start CPR, attempt defibrillation, establish IV access, give IV medications ...Author: American Heart Association Subject: Please contact the American Heart Association at [email protected] or 1-214-706-1886 to request a long description of this image.

About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ...If atrial fibrillation develops, the normal rate-limiting effects of the atrioventricular (AV) node are bypassed, and the resultant excessive ventricular rates (sometimes 200 to 300 beats/minutes) may lead to ventricular fibrillation (see figure Atrial fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) and sudden death. Patients with concealed WPW ...The H’s and T’s of ACLS is a mnemonic used to help recall the major contributing factors to pulseless arrest including PEA, Asystole, Ventricular Fibrillation, and Ventricular Tachycardia. These H’s and T’s will most commonly be associated with PEA, but they will help direct your search for underlying causes to any of arrhythmias associated with ACLS.The 2018 AHA Focused Update on ACLS guidelines summarize the most recent published evidence for and recommendations on the use of antiarrhythmic drugs during and immediately after shock-refractory VF/pVT cardiac arrest. The updated guidelines state that amiodarone or lidocaine may be considered for VF/pVT that is …2018 American Heart Association Focused Update on Advanced ...Treatment of ventricular fibrillation is with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, including defibrillation. The success rate for immediate (within 3 minutes) defibrillation is about …Treatment of monomorphic VT is dependent upon whether the patient is stable or unstable. Expert consultation is always advised, and if unstable, the ACLS tachycardia algorithm should be followed. Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia. With polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, the QRS waves will not be symmetrical.Watch on. In this lesson, we're going to let you play the role of team leader during a cardiac emergency – pulseless arrest VFib. From start to finish, you'll be in charge of assessing the patient and providing therapy and treatment recommendations. In this scenario, you've been presented with a 56-year-old male patient who arrived at the ER ...

Part 7.2: Management of Cardiac Arrest. Four rhythms produce pulseless cardiac arrest: ventricular fibrillation (VF), rapid ventricular tachycardia (VT), pulseless electrical activity (PEA), and asystole. Survival from these arrest rhythms requires both basic life support (BLS) and advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS).

In addition, new recommendations addressing atrial fibrillation and thromboembolic risk assessment, anticoagulation, left atrial appendage occlusion, atrial … Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an abnormal rhythm caused by the rapid firing of multiple cells in the atria, the upper chambers of the heart, which cause the atria to quiver ineffectively. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice and is associated with increased risk of stroke ... Oct 5, 2021 · Ethan Deckert, MD, examines treatment options for refractory ventricular fibrillation. ... Life Support Strategy for Out-of-Hospital Refractory V Fib; ... standard ACLS algorithms. 39 There are ... Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a wide complex tachycardia, defined as three or more consecutive beats at a rate of more than 100 per minute, arising from the ventricle.[1] Ventricular tachycardia is a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia, and it is responsible for the majority of sudden cardiac deaths in the United States.[2] It is …International ACLS Guidelines 2015 updated November 2015/Feb 2017. Ventricular Fibrillation/ Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia. SHOCK FIRST x 1 (If defibrillator not immediately available start CPR then shock ASAP) 200 J Biphasic, 360 J Monophasic . ↓. High Quality CPR* x 2 min (then. rhythm and pulse check) (Ventilate, IV/IO Access) ↓ ...Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a commonly encountered entity in U.S. emergency departments (EDs), with statistics reporting more than 356,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests per year. 1 Ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) represent the most common initial rhythms for patients presenting to the ED in out-of …In this 2018 ACLS guidelines focused update, the updated treatment recommendations include consideration of either amiodarone or lidocaine for shock-refractory VF/pVT, whereas previous guidelines favored amiodarone as the first-line therapy.Learn how to identify, treat, and prevent ventricular fibrillation (VF), a life-threatening arrhythmia that causes sudden cardiac arrest. Find out the ECG pattern, physical symptoms, reversible and irreversible causes, …This 2018 American Heart Association (AHA) focused update on the advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care (ECC) is based on the systematic review of antiarrhythmic therapy and the resulting “2018 International Consensus on CPR and …

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Ventricular fibrillation, also known as VFib, and pulseless ventricular tachycardia, also known as V-tach, are lethal dysrhythmias that do not produce a pulse. VFib is the most common initial dysrhythmia in cardiac arrest patients and will regress to asystole if it isn't treated in a short amount of time. That treatment includes rapid ...The reduction in cardiac output resulting can cause symptoms ranging from decreased level of consciousness to a total lack of cardiac output, known as a pulseless ventricular tachycardia. Unstable ventricular tachycardia may present with the following characteristics: Broad QRS arrhythmia. Highly accelerated heart rates. The most common indications for synchronized cardioversion are unstable atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, and supraventricular tachycardias. If medications fail in the stable patient with the before mentioned arrhythmias, synchronized cardioversion will most likely be indicated. The two images show what ventricular fibrillation will look like on an EKG rhythm strip. VF can rapidly lead to heart muscle ischemia, and there is a high likelihood that it will …Aug 8, 2023 · Arrhythmias originating from the ventricular myocardium or His-Purkinje system are grouped under ventricular arrhythmia (VA). This includes a subset of arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), premature ventricular contractions (PVC), and ventricular flutter. Wide complex tachycardia (WCT) is used to define all tachyarrhythmia with QRS complex duration ... Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent used in ACLS to treat VF or pulseless VT that does not respond to treatment with defibrillation, CPR, or vasopressors. ... For VT / V-Fib: 300 mg IV/IO. May administer additional 150 mg following initial dose if VF/pVT persists after 3-5 minutes. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is due to multiple wavelet reentrant electrical activity and is manifested on electrocardiogram (ECG) by ultrarapid baseline undulations that are irregular in timing and morphology. VF is the presenting rhythm for about 70% of patients in cardiac arrest and is thus the terminal event in many disorders. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is due to multiple wavelet reentrant electrical activity and is manifested on electrocardiogram (ECG) by ultrarapid baseline undulations that are irregular in timing and morphology. VF is the presenting rhythm for about 70% of patients in cardiac arrest and is thus the terminal event in many disorders.Atrial Fibrillation. A 68-year-old male presents with palpitations, lightheadedness, and weakness. These symptoms appear to worsen with increased alcohol intake. Medical history is significant for hypertension being treated with hydrochlorothiazide. On physical exam, the patient appears uncomfortable.Adult Dosage of Amiodarone. When using amiodarone to treat V-Fib or pulseless V-tach cardiac arrest which is unresponsive to CPR, shock, and vasopressors, a first dose is given at 300 mg via IV or IO push. And a second dose is delivered at half that, or 150 mg, also via IV or IO push. For life-threatening arrhythmias, a maximum accumulated dose ... Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is due to multiple wavelet reentrant electrical activity and is manifested on electrocardiogram (ECG) by ultrarapid baseline undulations that are irregular in timing and morphology. VF is the presenting rhythm for about 70% of patients in cardiac arrest and is thus the terminal event in many disorders. Figure. Atrial fibrillation, also known as a-fib, is the most common dysrhythmia that nurses will encounter. Characterized by uncoordinated atrial activation with consequent loss of atrial mechanical function, a-fib is most likely to occur in those age 80 years and older. 1 The number of men and women affected by a-fib is projected to more than ... ….

Adenosine may predispose the heart to atrial fibrillation, ... It should be noted that neither lidocaine nor procainamide appear in these updated 2005 AHA ACLS treatment algorithm flow diagrams. Procainamide and sotalol do appear in the accompanying text as alternative drugs for wide complex regular tachycardias. 18. The treatment for ventricular fibrillation is rapid defibrillation. Every minute that defibrillation is delayed, the chance of survival is reduced by 10%. The key steps to treating ventricular fibrillation are: Rapid assessment to confirm cardiac arrest. Starting CPR. Applying the defibrillator and delivering the first shock as soon as possible. Coping and support. Diagnosis. Ventricular fibrillation is always diagnosed in an emergency situation. If sudden cardiac death has occurred, a pulse check will reveal no pulse. Tests to diagnose and determine the cause of ventricular fibrillation include: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).Aug 22, 2000 · In patients with cardiac arrest refractory to standard ACLS, vasopressin induced an increase in blood pressure, and in some cases, ROSC. 51 In a similar clinical evaluation after approximately 40 minutes of unsuccessful ACLS, 4 of 10 patients responded to vasopressin and had a mean increase in coronary perfusion pressure of 28 mm Hg. 46 In a ... Summary. Ventricular fibrillation, or VFib or VF, is a dangerous arrhythmia that causes the heart's lower chambers (ventricles) to erratically quiver instead of pumping blood as they should. VFib results in sudden cardiac arrest and requires emergent defibrillation (electric shock) to restore the heart's normal rhythm.The most common indications for synchronized cardioversion are unstable atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, and supraventricular tachycardias. ... as there could be underlying causes or conditions that need to be addressed. Alternative treatments or interventions may be considered, such as medication adjustments, catheter ...This 2018 American Heart Association (AHA) focused update on the advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care (ECC) is based on the systematic review of antiarrhythmic therapy and the resulting “2018 International Consensus on CPR and ECC Science With …The H’s and T’s of ACLS is a mnemonic used to help recall the major contributing factors to pulseless arrest including PEA, Asystole, Ventricular Fibrillation, and Ventricular Tachycardia. These H’s and T’s will most commonly be associated with PEA, but they will help direct your search for underlying causes to any of arrhythmias associated with ACLS. V fib treatment acls, Every May, the U.S. Administration for Community Living (ACL) leads the national observance of Older Americans Month. This year’s theme is “Age My Way” – with a… May 31, 2022 • By ..., The 2018 AHA Focused Update on ACLS guidelines summarize the most recent published evidence for and recommendations on the use of antiarrhythmic drugs during and immediately after shock-refractory VF/pVT cardiac arrest. The updated guidelines state that amiodarone or lidocaine may be considered for VF/pVT that is unresponsive to defibrillation., This 2018 American Heart Association (AHA) focused update on the advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care (ECC) is based on the systematic review of antiarrhythmic therapy and the resulting “2018 International Consensus on CPR and ECC Science With …, Nov 8, 2023 ... ... ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. - Treat reversible causes of cardiac arrest including the 5 H and 5 T ..., Ventricular fibrillation, or VF, is considered the most serious abnormal heart rhythm. VF is extremely dangerous and can lead to sudden cardiac death. Without treatment, the condition is fatal within minutes. Disordered electrical activity causes the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles) to quiver instead of contracting (or beating) normally., Jan 30, 2024 · 2. Routine administration of calcium for treatment of cardiac arrest is not recommended. 3. Use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscita-tion for patients with cardiac arrest refractory to standard advanced cardiovascular life support is reasonable in select patients when provided within an appropriately trained and equipped system of care. 4. , Intravenous amiodarone has been used in the treatment of frequent recurrences of destabilizing ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation in the hospital. 13–15 Intravenous amiodarone ..., A = Open airway. B = Breaths (30:2 compression-to-ventilation ratio or 8-10 breaths/min with advanced airway). 1. Use defibrillator to check rhythm: If VF/VT: Give 1 shock immediately then follow the algorithm. If PEA or asystole: Continue CPR, give epinephrine as soon as possible and follow the algorithm. Minimize interruptions of CPR., A = Open airway. B = Breaths (30:2 compression-to-ventilation ratio or 8-10 breaths/min with advanced airway). 1. Use defibrillator to check rhythm: If VF/VT: Give 1 shock immediately then follow the algorithm. If PEA or asystole: Continue CPR, give epinephrine as soon as possible and follow the algorithm. Minimize interruptions of CPR., Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest accounts for more than 350,000 unexpected deaths each year in North America; nearly 100,000 of these cardiac arrests are attributed to ventricular fibrillation or ..., Atrial flutter is considered a supraventricular arrhythmia that has a rapid or variable ventricular rate. Multiple atrial contractions occur for each ventricular contraction. On an ECG, atrial flutter: Displays a “sawtooth pattern”. Has consistent and identical flutter waves. Has an atrial rate of 250-350 beats per minute., International ACLS Guidelines 2015 updated November 2015/Feb 2017. Ventricular Fibrillation/ Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia. SHOCK FIRST x 1 (If defibrillator not immediately available start CPR then shock ASAP) 200 J Biphasic, 360 J Monophasic . ↓. High Quality CPR* x 2 min (then. rhythm and pulse check) (Ventilate, IV/IO Access) ↓ ..., Not only is Netflix creating compelling original content worth watching on its streaming service, but the HBO-of-the-future is facilitating a similar revolution on the cable networ..., It’s administered over 10 minutes. Should the V-tach, whether it’s polymorphic or monomorphic, lapse into V-fib, which can happen, immediately go into your V-fib algorithm. Let’s look at ventricular fibrillation. No pulse. No cardiac output. First drug of choice is epinephrine 1:10,000 1 mg IV push every 3 to 5 minutes. There’s no max ... , During ACLS, epinephrine can be given 3 ways: intravenous; intraosseous, and endotracheal tube. Dosing. Intravenous Push/IO: 1mg epinephrine IV is given every 3-5 minutes. IV infusion for bradycardia: 1mg epinephrine is mixed with 500ml of NS or D5W. The infusion should run at 2-10 micrograms/min (titrated to effect)., Many tachyarrhythmias of a rate >150 will deteriorate into pulselessness if timely treatment is not given. Pulseless ventricular tachycardia is treated using the left branch of the cardiac arrest algorithm., Treatment. For the purposes of ACLS, atrial flutter is treated the same as atrial fibrillation. When atrial flutter produces hemodynamic instability and serious signs and symptoms, it is treated using ACLS protocol. For the patient with unstable tachycardia due to this tachyarrhythmia (atrial flutter), immediate cardioversion is recommended., N Engl J Med. 2019;380:1499-1508. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an abnormal rhythm caused by the rapid firing of multiple cells in the atria, the upper chambers of the heart, which cause the atria to quiver ineffectively. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice and is associated ..., https://www.proacls.com - ACLS Certification Training Videos**Get $20 off your certification or recertification with the discount code youtubeacls2017The key..., Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is due to multiple wavelet reentrant electrical activity and is manifested on electrocardiogram (ECG) by ultrarapid baseline undulations that are irregular in timing and morphology. VF is the presenting rhythm for about 70% of patients in cardiac arrest and is thus the terminal event in many disorders., , Adult Dosage for Lidocaine: Dosage for cardiac arrest from ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia: Initial dose is 1 to 1.5 mg/kg IV or IO. Can also be delivered via endotracheal tube. Dosage for refractory ventricular fibrillation: An additional .5 to .75 mg/kg may be given via IV push. , Pulseless electrical activity is not a specific rhythm. Instead, it’s a term used to describe any organized electrical activity – but excluding VFib or asystole — on an ECG or cardiac monitor that is associated with no palpable pulses. Pulsations can be detected by an arterial waveform or Doppler study. However, pulses are not palpable., About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ..., The first shock defibrillation success rate at the initial energy selection of 5 J was 90% (18/20) compared to. the reported cumulative success rate for the BTE waveform of 50% (25/50) at 5 J1. The threshold energy. was 6.0 ± 3.5 J, the cumulative energy was 7.0 ± 7.0 J, and the average number of shocks was 1.2 ± 0.5. shocks., Aug 22, 2000 · In patients with cardiac arrest refractory to standard ACLS, vasopressin induced an increase in blood pressure, and in some cases, ROSC. 51 In a similar clinical evaluation after approximately 40 minutes of unsuccessful ACLS, 4 of 10 patients responded to vasopressin and had a mean increase in coronary perfusion pressure of 28 mm Hg. 46 In a ... , Adult Dosage for Lidocaine: Dosage for cardiac arrest from ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia: Initial dose is 1 to 1.5 mg/kg IV or IO. Can also be delivered via endotracheal tube. Dosage for refractory ventricular fibrillation: An additional .5 to .75 mg/kg may be given via IV push., Synchronized cardioversion is a procedure similar to electrical defibrillation in that a transthoracic electrical current is applied to the anterior chest to terminate a life-threatening or unstable tachycardic arrhythmia. Unlike defibrillation, which is used in cardiac arrest patients, synchronized cardioversion is performed on patients that still have a pulse but are hemodynamically unstable ..., Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is considered the most serious cardiac arrhythmias. Disordered electrical activity causes the ventricles to quiver (or fibrillate) instead of contracting normally. This prevents the heart from pumping blood, causing collapse and cardiac arrest . VF has been identified in nearly 70% of cardiac arrest patients., The first shock defibrillation success rate at the initial energy selection of 5 J was 90% (18/20) compared to. the reported cumulative success rate for the BTE waveform of 50% (25/50) at 5 J1. The threshold energy. was 6.0 ± 3.5 J, the cumulative energy was 7.0 ± 7.0 J, and the average number of shocks was 1.2 ± 0.5. shocks., Efficacy of magnesium-amiodarone step-up scheme in critically ill patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation: a prospective observational study. J Intensive Care Med. 2008 Jan-Feb;23(1):61-6. doi: 10.1177/0885066607310181, Pharmacological rate control is the recommended initial treatment for stable, rapid atrial fibrillation/flutter (≥120 bpm) regardless of its duration. Specific drug …, Double sequential external defibrillation (DSED; rapid sequential shocks from two defibrillators) and vector-change (VC) defibrillation (switching defibrillation …